PowerPoint Presentation Analysis Essay Example for Free

PowerPoint Presentation Analysis Essay Identify Turbo Centre is the company that I am working for. It has newly been set up in Romford. Since Turbo Centre is a not a very renowned company in this area, so therefore has very limited customers. Due to this lack of customers Turbo Centre is in danger of closing down, as their business has not taken off as predicted. This is because it is a newly formed company in this area, so therefore is not very well established at this present time. Turbo Centre is a company which sells prestige cars. The company has few branches across the UK some of these branches are located in Manchester, Birmingham and are well established in those cities. The managing director of Turbo Centre now wants to expand his company in to London. Turbo Centre sells a wide range of cars, varying in price à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20000 to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½80000+. The company specialises in Elite cars, 4X4s and super cars, and these cars range form Subaru to Ferrari. The company site is very large, the show room itself holds 50 top of the range prestige cars, which are displayed across two floors. On site each day turbo centre has 5 sales men, 2 customer service and 3 cleaners. Also on site each day is the managing director of the business, whom is trying to ensure his newly opened branch in Romford runs smoothly and efficiently. I have been hired by the managing director Mr Smith, to help him bring his company to success by the use of advertising. Mr Smith hopes that the advertising material that will be produced will be the solution to the current lack of custom he is facing with his new branch. The following satellite map shows the location of the business: User Requirements * Mr Smith wants the advertising material to be aimed at middle class/ wealthy people whom are interested in buying prestige cars. * Mr Smith wants his advertisements to be manly aimed at the male gender. This is because, Mr Smiths research indicates that the male genders is on average more interested in buying high priced prestige cars than females. * Mr Smiths research also indicates that high priced prestige cars mainly appeal to the male gender aged between 23 35 years. * Mr Smith from experience of advertising his other branches has come to see that advertising within a 10 mile radius of the company site attracts a wide range of customers. * Mr Smith has also seen from experience of advertising his other branched that placing a special offer on the advertisements draws more customer, as many people are attracted by a special offer. * Mr Smith has also seen from experience of producing adverting material for his branches and from feed back from customers of his other branches, that placing a map on some of the advertisement is good, because the area may not be know to someone travelling to the company from 10 miles away, so the map shows nearby land marks. * Mr Smith also wants a new logo to be created. This is because he feels that a new company image will be more suited for the surrounding area of his new branch. * Mr Smith wants the advertising materials to be produced and allocated within the budget of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000. However Mr Smith has informed me that if this budget is exceeded he is willing to pay the access amount. Adequate Solutions In order to for fill the end users requirements, I will have to create a wide range of advertising material. Now that I have a full understanding of Mr Smiths requiems, I suggest that the most suitable advertising materials for his needs would be: * Flyer the advantage of using this method of advertising is that it can be mass produced, it can be sent to a wide range of people and also hold relevant information based on the business, which includes all cooperate information such as company name, logo and colour scheme etc. A disadvantage of producing this type of advertisement is that some people will regard this flyer to be junk mail, so litter it on the street resulting in increasing environmental problems. * Brochure the advantage of using this method of advertising is that is that it puts across specific information about the product to the customer directly. Also contains more information than a flyer. However this form of advertisement is more expensive to produce. * Business Card the advantage of using this method of advertising is that is that it puts across the location and contact information of the company. Also business card are not very big so therefore can be carried by the customer and shown to others. * I will also extend my project by creating a new Logo for Turbo Centre. I am creating this new company logo; as Mr Smith feels that a new company image will be more suited for the surrounding area of his new branch. He hopes the new logo will create a fresh and positive image for the business. Quantitative Objective In order to ensure the advertising materials produced is having a positive affect on our target audience; we will produce sample advertising materials with which we can test the materials are working. We will be able to see this from the response from the amount of customers we receive, whether the materials are working or not. These measures will be made using the following: * One way in which we can test this is by placing special offers regarding products, either on the flyers, or brochure. The customer will have to bring in either the flyer, or brochure to purchase what has been advertised (the special offer). If we see that the customers are bring in the flyers, or brochure we will know that our advertising is having a positive affect. * Also we can measure the success of our advertising materials by placing the words Come in store for more details. We will know that the customer has seen the advertisement as they will enquire for more details referring to the offer advertised. * Similarly, we can advertise something Free on the brochure; in the same way we will know customers have previously seen the brochure advertisement, as they will enquire as to what the free product is which is advertised. From what the customer enquires about, we will know what form of advertisement they have seen. Then we will be able to record this data into a excel graph throughout the year, in order see when in the year the advertising materials were most affective. Also we will be able to see from the graph what form of advertising material was most successful. The following spider diagram shows the way in which a mail-merge and a logo would link together. Also from this spider diagram we can see how the special offers could be placed on a mail merge according to the car the customer has purchased. From this we could measure the success of the given advertising material. This would prove a good way of measuring the success of mail-merge, as customers could bring in there mailed letter to receive there special offer. I have created this spider diagram for Mr Smith to keep as a temperate for when he is to start a mail- merge. The next spider diagram, will illustrate the way in which the logo will link together with each type of advertising material, which is going to be produced. These advertising materials include flyer/leaflet, brochure, yellow page advert and finally a bill board poster. Other ways in which my material could be produced There are several ways in which advertising material could be produced for Turbo City. Other forms of advertising which can be used include a web site, Power point, slide show, video, sound recording, radio advertising, Television advertising, hand drawn advertisement and call centre etc. However some of these other forms of advertising have disadvantages such as: * Web site this form of advertising can only be viewed by people who have access to a computer. In the case of someone who does not have access to a computer they would no have access of viewing the web page. Also even those with access may not see the advertisement as they may not know the web page address. * Yellow Page advert The disadvantage of this form of advertising is that many competitors from the motoring industry also advertise in the yellow pages. Also advertisements which are placed in the yellow pages are limited to a yellow background, and also text must be printed in black ink, so therefore the advertisement will not appear very eye catching. * Bill Board Poster This would be a good form of advertising for Mr Smith as a Bill Board holds the main cooperate information about the business such as company name, telephone number and address. The disadvantage of this form of advertising is that it is expensive to display and maintain. * Radio advertising this form of advertising has the disadvantage that the advertisement will only be herd by the people that listen to the radio station that it is aired on. Also even the people that listen to the radio station that the advertisement is aired on could miss the advertisement as it may be played at a time were the target audience may not be listening. * Television Similarly with this form of advertisement, it will only be seen by the people viewing the channel it is aired on. Also could be missed due to the time it is aired. * Mail-Merge the advantage of this form of advertising is that it is quick and easy to produce as it follows one lay out, which can be sent to many people. A disadvantage of this form of advertising is that it can only be sent to current customers of the company. (People who have already purchased a car from the company.) However, I will not yet be creating a mail merge. As at this early stage of the business there are limited customers, so therefore a mail- merge is not required. * Advertisement printed on company car the company could also have an advertisement on one of there company cars. This form of advertising again would only be seen by people that see the car. * Hand drawn advertisement this form of advertising is not very professional, so therefore may not appeal to some customers as they may feel that the company is unprofessional. Also this form of advertising is time consuming and also will not be identical. Can only be produced to batch production (50-100 copies). In the case of advertising for Turbo Centre, printed publication would be more appropriate, as it is easier to view and a computer is not required to view the advertisement.

Role Play In English Language Teaching

Role Play In English Language Teaching The ultimate goal of foreign language teaching is to enable the students to use the foreign language in work or life when necessary. Thus we should teach that part of the language that will be used in the real world. However, this is not always the case in the present day foreign language teaching practice. The primary goal of most foreign language learning is to develop the ability to use real and appropriate language to communicate and interact with others and the goal of foreign language teaching is to extend the range of communicative situation in which the learners can perform with focus on meaning without being hindered by the attention he must pay to linguistic form[1]. But the present practice in the ELT classroom in China could not provide satisfactory conditions for both teachers and students to achieve the goals. How to let English learners feel the real language situation and context when learning English? Role-play is an effective way. 2. Functions Role-play models human interactions to provide a chance for students to exercise, creating effective and memorable experiences for learners. It places learners in a situation where they are asked to take on different roles and to accomplish their specific tasks, including problem solving. They offer an opportunity for learners to practice using the language in the right place, at the right time. The strength of role-play is that it presents an opportunity for authentic and spontaneous communication because learners are placed in realistic situations and they can have the opportunity to use and practice the sort of language, particularly the vocabulary related to that situation, so that learners are rehearsed for real life[9]. In addition, they can express what they want to say whenever the situation calls for it. In addition, role-playing is of great significance as it develops students both receptive and productive skills: 2.1 It develops students listening: while role-playing, students practice listening when trying to get information from their partners. 2.2 It develops students speaking: answering the questions according to what is heard, producing responses based on given cues, it is clear that this activity can practise speaking skills. 2.3 Promoting knowledge acquisition: Students in role-playing were found to use search and retrieval strategies more frequently than students in traditional learning situations. During the process of exchanging, there will be the information transferring from one peer to the other[2]. Individual students are able to increase their mastery during this process: During the entire process, students are motivated to search language in their vocabulary storage and select the proper language to use. For example, teaching a reading about a writers biography is usually bored and the events that the writer experienced are uneasy for students to master. In this case, after the students read and understand the article, the teacher can let a student pretend the writer and stand in front of the class to relate his or her whole life. Thus promote the students to acquire the knowledge of the writer with strong motivation. 2.4 Enhancing language proficiency: There is another significant benefit of doing role-playing. Language is the main tool for human communication. Role-play largely provides more opportunities for the students to practice their oral English. It is an ideal method of reviewing what we have learned by using it in real situation. It stimulates all the students integrated skills and thus consolidates all the language knowledge in their mind while trying to express themselves out. While others who do not involved in that activity can be easy to grasp more content knowledge even just sitting silently and listening to the performance in the classroom. 2.5 Stimulate students interests and activate classroom climate to keep students engaged in class: With role play, students act out certain situations. Teachers generally try to make these situations fun and interesting. Asking your boss for a day off, or Meeting people at a party, etc. The teacher prepares the roles so that learners always have a lot to talk about. This motivates students in learning and creates a real communication situation and offers learners plenty of opportunities to practice. 2.6 Improving social competence: the true mastery of a language involves communicative competence. While role-playing, individuals work together, they must interact with each other to promote each others success, thus increase students social skills, conflict-management and compromise. It also develops students communicative skills: while act out the dialogue, students get the chance to learn to get information from partners facial expressions, gestures and other body language thus develop students communicative skills. 2.7 Promoting interpersonal relationships: Role-play has also keen accepted to improve interpersonal relationship among students. Role-play pairs or groups help students establish and maintain friendships with peers. Students who are isolated or alienated from their peers and who do not have friends are more likely to be at risk for violent or destructive behavior in society than those who experience social support and a sense of belonging. To some extent, this interpersonal relationship also promote their academic achievements. In addition, skills of improving interpersonal relationship with other peers are the foundation for the success in their social career in future. Role-playing also has been linked to increases in self-esteem, attendance, time on task, enjoyment of school and classes, as well as a decrease in dependence on the teacher. 3.Potential problems Role-play is virtually the way we can give students chances to practice improvising a range of real-life spoken language in the classroom, and it is extremely effective if the students are confident and cooperative, but it still exists some problems when processing it specifically. l The uneasiness caused by talking in front of the class would inhibit the students to some degree. Instructors must do something to lower the inhibition first, for example, a preliminary demonstration or rehearsal before the class. Practice time can be prolonged. l From students perspective, because students are used to sitting in lecture where they are not required to talk, students may resist an activity that appears challenging and difficult and that forces them to use integrated skills, rather than being a passive learners. So teachers should stimulate their students enthusiasm by keeping encouragement, coaxing them to think and open their mouth. l It will be uncontrolled and time-consuming if students fail to prepare enough. In preparation, if certain roles did not allotted, too diffuse in responsibility will also spoil the performance. l In China, time is limited in every period class and all the classes are large sized. So it is impossible to provide a chance for all students to perform. Only a couple of students could display their performance. Others just sit in a classroom to hear and with no pressure, so they may mot pay attention to learning. l Because of the characteristics, some introvert students may feel hard to perform in front of the whole class thus influence the simulated communication. But teachers could help them to overcome step by step. Ur points out that the factors that affect the success of role-play are: the teachers enthusiasm; careful instructions; clear situations and roles; and making sure that the language they will need to carry out the role-play. 4.Guiding principles for role-playing 4.1Communication purpose[: The activity must involve the students in performing a real communicative purpose rather than just practicing language for its own sake. In order for this to occur there must be some kinds of information gap that students seek to bridge when they are role-playing. 4.2 Communicative desire: The activity must create a desire to communicate in the students .That is even if communication is forced on the students, they must feel a real need to communicate. 4.3 Prepare before performing: Rushing into a role play-activity often leads to confusion and dissatisfaction. Have students practice the task in pairs before selecting a couple of pairs to perform in front of the whole class. If acting out a short play, before students display their performance, they should be given the script or the story they are going to work on. They can choose their favorite roles or they will be allotted certain roles. 4.4 Acceptable level language requirement: The language required in performance should be lower than that used in intensive language learning activity in the same class. It should be easily recalled and produced by the participants, so that they can speak fluently. It is a good idea to teach or review essential vocabulary before the activities start. If the task is too frustrating, the students are likely to give up or revert back to the native language. 4.5 Be sensitive when correcting the students: The basic principles of error correction is to remind students of their big errors that prevent from communicating and ignore the trivial one. As to when and how to give feedback, there is no definite answer, it largely depends on the teachers long time spent in teaching and a consideration in affective and cognitive factors. Nevertheless, the instructors should put it in mind that they should do their best to avoid stifling students attempt at speaking in the target language by providing correct feedback.[3] 4.6 Clear in responsibility: Allot the roles and set up goals so as to make students clear in responsibility. Students interact in small groups, and they have less pressure but they should have clear responsibility. 4.7 Praise the actors: The students need lots of support assistance to practice English. Praise them frequently and they will be competitive and active. 4.8 Choose some proper texts: not all texts to involve role-play activity while teaching. Not all texts suit for role-play activity 4.9 Choose proper students: The first few times when the teacher organizes role-play, it is a good idea to choose some more outgoing students who will not feel inhibited while performing in public, which is also setting up demonstrations at the same time. 5.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Conclusion In the student-centered learning process , students are given more opportunities to practice the target language and develop their communicative ability. Role-play is one of the most effective forms of English training because it puts people into the situation where they have to rely entirely on English to do their task/reach the goal that the teacher sets for them. Its also a chance to be really creative and develop interesting conversations. In general, role-play is an effective tool for students, especially in teaching some introvert students. It enables students to learn by using the target language in meaningful interactive situations. Role-play is not easy to manoeuvre, but it helps to lead to social and academic success for all students.

Intern Experience Reflection Essay -- Reflection Paper, criminal justi

As I continue exploring the aspects of Family Inc., I find myself becoming more amazed at the tragedies that occur in the lives of juveniles. Society is always pointing the finger at the children, blaming them and punishing their negative actions. With a deeper look at the family system behind these children, I have found an empathy for the delinquent children. The organization is not only for delinquent children, but it is thought that children with incarcerated parents have a higher risk of going into the prison system. Especially since these children most likely get placed with grandparents, they could become more rebellious and hard to handle. Since learning the mentor database system, I have seen a bit more of the actual family aspect of the mentees. I have been updated and informed of children, the stories of their parents, and how they got where they are now. The circumstances that I have heard about are things that I could not even imagine going through myself. Growing up in Philadelphia and even having close friends with troubled homes has not prepared me for the issues I hear. It is no wonder these children lose their self-control. I guess this just shows the cycle of the criminal justice system. The streets create criminals, whether it be through poverty or simple environmental stressors. The criminals have children, like everyone else. Their children are subject to the living situations that come with losing a parent to the system, which in turn pushes them to the streets. They follow the same path their parents walked down. I see Family Inc. as an institution that creates a fork in the road, giving the child the options to go the right way and steer clear of crime. The mentor is a guide to show the light to the r... ...me to college. I finally get to see what I learned in the class come alive in the professional world. I now yearn to learn more about my career choice from the classroom, so I can continue to make use of it in the real world. I have even decided that I might change around a couple of my classes to figure out what juvenile classes are offer the coming semester. Overall, I am enjoying the experience. I am taking each day as it comes, learning as I go. I think that working with Family, Inc. is a good interning experience. I find it to be a good mix of my life goals and personal interest. I am currently a mentor, orientation leader, and university ambassador at school and I have always been one to be there to help new people adapt. I guess this has always been in my mind because, now that I think of it, even in my lower level jobs, I trained new employees.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Nervous System Involvement :: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Medical Essays

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Nervous System Involvement Upon concluding my neurobiology course, I spent some time reflecting on what I've learned about the nervous system and its functions. I thought about how much progress has been made in the last couple of decades alone in defining and understanding certain aspects of neuronal functions, and must admit that I am very impressed. However, there is still so much we don't know about this area, and nowhere has this notion proved more true than in my exploration of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. As will soon be clear, this disease is highly debilitating and can greatly lower the quality of an individual's life, yet to date there are no definite findings about the etiology of this illness. But even more importantly, this illness shows the importance of understanding and being able to assess the different workings of our nervous system and its complex nature. Unfortunately, the study of this same disease also shows the human inability to yet do so. So what is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, or CFS? I would like to be able to explain exactly what CFS is, but true to the nature of what is known about this illness, there is no precise way to describe CFS. Rather, the disease is identified through a number of symptoms (both physical and psychological), including unexplained and persistent fatigue of new or definite onset, concurrent with short-term memory loss, sore throat, tender axillary lymph nodes, muscle pain and unrefreshing sleep, among a number of others, for a duration of at least six months. As is probably evident, the above symptoms, in addition to being signs of CFS, are also the same (or very similar) symptoms experienced in such diseases as Lymes disease and "the flu." There are symptoms that involve the Gastrointestinal Tract (GI), immunological-related symptoms, symptoms of psychiatric disease like depression, sexual malfunction, endocrine dysfunction-basically every system in the body. This is part of the reason why CFS is hard to detect, and is usually chosen as a diagnosis only at the exclusion of all other possible ailments. The other difficulty that lies with diagnosing CFS is that there is no way of measuring the level of a person's fatigue-there is no way for a physician to tell whether a patient complaining of fatigue is experiencing the type of fatigue associated with CFS or he/she is just extremely tired and overworked.

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen Essay -- biographies bio

Wilhelm Conrad RÃâ€"ntgen 1845 - 1923 Wilhelm Conrad RÃ… ¡ntgen is a German physicist who was born on March 27, 1845 at Lennep in Germany. When he was three years old, his family moved to Apeldoorn in The Netherlands, where he attended a boarding school, the Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn. While he was attending this school, he was very interested in making mechanical devices. This interest of his followed him through the rest of his life. RÃ… ¡ntgen later entered a technical school at Utrecht. In 1872 in Apeldorn, RÃ… ¡ntgen married Anna Bertha Ludwig of ZÃ… ¸rich. They had no children, but in 1887 they adopted a daughter, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, who was the daughter of AnnaÕs only brother. RÃ… ¡ntgen spent most of his years researching physics, thermology, mechanics, and electricity. Although he made some great discoveries in all these fields, his greatest invention was the discovery of a short-wave ray in 1895, which we know now as X-rays. Some other things he studied were the heats of gasses and fluids, the characteristics of quartz, the modification of the planes of polarized light by electromagnetic influences, the variations in the functions of temperature, the compressibility of water and other fluids, and the event of the spreading of oil drops on water. Throughout his life, RÃ… ¡ntgen received many honors. Even though he was well known for his skills, he remained a modest man who never sought honors or money for his research and projects. For instance, he declined various titles and jobs, and donated money to his university that he received from the Nobel Prize. He also refused to take patents on his work, so that the whole world could benefit from his work. Aside from his modesty and generosity, he did accept honors and... ...ays. After RÃ… ¡ntgen discovered X-rays, all fields of medicine were enhanced. Bones and other organs can be seen without surgery, jobs were enhanced, and germs and some types of cancers could be killed. This discovery has great importance to our lives, and has created amazing advances in a variety of fields. An example case that proves the new viewpoint and usage of these X-rays on the human body and medical sciences, was when a few days after Roentgen's initial public announcement of his discoveries, a doctor in America took X-ray photographs of a person with gunshot wounds in his hands. Before RÃ… ¡ntgenÕs discovery, a surgeon would have to locate the shotgun pellets though exploratory surgery, to find and remove them. Now, with the technology of X-rays, an X-ray can be taken and the shotgun pellets would be found without the process of exploratory surgery.

Behaviorist BF Skinner

Behaviorist BF Skinner’s work with behavior analysis which led him to develop his theory surrounding operant conditioning methods have had a profound impact on today’s educational system as it led him to research the method of programmed instruction; its use in contemporary education has shaped the minds of countless students and offered an alternative method of teaching through its concept of trying to achieve errorless learning through swift feedback. BF Skinner, the renowned psychologist was known for his controversial scientific approach to human behavior.(Pierce & Cheney, 2003, p.9) The 1938 publication The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis became Skinner’s first professional work and contained almost 400 pages of the behaviorist’s research. It has since been described as â€Å"a significant volume in the history of the twentieth-century psychology. † (Todd & Morris, 1995, p. 7) He wrote a number of books and essays focusing on hi s philosophy of behaviorism; however two of the most notable are Science and Behavior and Verbal Behavior. (Todd & Morris, 1995, p. xxi)His theories offered a contemporary definition to the study of behavior and were not well received by his peers. Skinner proposed a â€Å"natural-science approach to human behavior† (Pierce & Cheney, 2004, p. 9) and this contradicted other accepted theories. He believed that the behavior of an organism was determined and a result of genetic and environmental factors. His hypothesis alleged that behavior caused emotions and described them as â€Å"additional activities of people that needed to be explained. † (Pierce & Cheney, 2004, p.9)The opposition believed that human behavior was a product of self-determination – a result of our feelings, thoughts and intentions. Skinner’s achievements were endless; however he’s most noted for his work with experimental behavior analysis, where he developed the theory surroundin g Operant behavior. His theory consisted of operant conditioning or learning by consequences as its major concept. As he was not the first to approach the subject of operant conditioning, he labeled his philosophy, radical behaviorism to separate him from the others who had approached the same topic.(Pierce & Cheney, 2004, p. 9) His analysis of behavior brought him to the conclusion that behavior was influenced by the environment and organisms responded in two fashions – emotional response and by the involuntary response of the nervous system. In order to change an organism’s behavior there must be a new stimulus introduced to the surrounding environment that influenced both areas of human nature. Operant behavior was learned via a series of reinforcements to strengthen the new response. (Staats, 1996, p. 40-41)Skinner’s approach was to offer reinforcement when the organism displayed the defined behavior over a period of time and on a number of occasions  œ the process of operant conditioning. His theory stated that in order to obtain the appropriate response the conditioning process must determine â€Å"the strength of response. † (Staats, 1996, p. 58) Though many of his peers advocated punishment as a deterrent to unwanted behavior Skinner did not agree. His negative response consisted of the simple process of deprivation. (Staats, 1996, p. 58) Through a series of animal experiments, Skinner continued to validate his theory.The Skinner Box was his primary tool for his study of operational conditioning. He designed various versions of the tool to accommodate various species – for example, pigeons could peck to obtain the reinforcement and a rat could not. If the animal performed the desired behavior, a positive reinforcement was automatically provided, if not it was withheld. The box allowed him to study operant conditioning and the contingencies of reinforcement. (Leonard, 2002, p. 98) In the 1950’s Skinnerâ₠¬â„¢s behavior analysis research began to focus on teaching machines.In the 1958 article titled Teaching Machines: From the Experimental Study of Learning Comes Devices Which Arrange Optimal Conditions for Self-Instruction, Skinner stated that the motivation to obtain more education existed and in order to meet that demand we needed to do more than continue to build more schools and train more teachers. He believed that â€Å"Education must become more efficient. † (Skinner, 1958, p. 969) He created teaching devices that arranged specific â€Å"contingencies of reinforcement† that rewarded â€Å"specific forms of behavior. † (Skinner, 1958, p. 970)Once the desired behavior was exerted Skinner was convinced that the â€Å"resulting behavior can be maintained in strength for long periods of time. † (Skinner, 1958, p. 970) Later in the article he addressed specific subjects, â€Å"Teaching spelling is mainly a process of shaping complex forms of behavior. I n other subjects-for example, arithmetic- responses must be brought under the control of appropriate stimuli. † (Skinner, 1958, p. 970) Skinner’s programmed instruction consists of three phases:1) Small steps – obtain small information in a step-by-step fashion.2) Overt responding – provide a clear response to generate reinforcement.3) Self-pacing – working through programmed activity at his or her own pace. (Leonard, 2002, p. 90)In 1958 Skinner incorporated his reinforcement methods into the first class of programmed instruction. (Lysaught & Williams, 1963, p. 10) In a speech titled Psychology in the year 2000 given in 1968 to the Department of Psychology of Wayne University, he not only expressed his opinion of the school system prior to his studies, he addressed what he believed to be the future of America’s schools.He believed that prior to his research that â€Å"educational psychology was primarily a matter of measurement. Mental tests dominated the field. Teaching was generally left to common sense. † (Skinner, 2004, p. 210) He felt that the students â€Å"studied because he feared the consequences of not studying. † (Skinner, 2004, p. 210) He went on to conclude that student’s slow recognition was a result of teachers’ inappropriate approach to teaching. (Skinner, 2004, p. 210)He felt that, â€Å"A good program is simply a reorganization of what is to be learned in such a way that the student is maximally reinforced for learning it in positive ways rather than as a means of escape from undesirable consequences. † (Skinner, 2004, p. 210) Though primitive at the time of inception, over the years and combined with modern technology our students are benefiting from his methods by way of computer-based teaching. Programs have been developed to teach spelling, reading, math, and a number of other subjects, as well as colleges and Universities offer certain Internet-based courses.The program models vary; some programs will not allow the student to advance without giving the appropriate response, others will offer more information to guide students to the appropriate response and universities are creating virtual classrooms that students have access to tools that perform a variety of functions. Though the approach has received mixed feedback, teachers are able to provide more of a one-on-one teaching, as well as further the efficiency of classroom procedure and in the case of universities, students are able to enjoy the convenience of online courses. (â€Å"Programmed Instruction,† 2004)In conclusion, Skinner’s controversial approach to psychology changed the approach to behavior modification and his methods have shaped the educational setting. Student behavior has improved; as positive reinforcement is applied to the learning process builds confidence and a willingness to comply. Students of all ages are able to progress at their own pace, which pr ovides and individualized education plan. College students report that they are able to attend college courses and maintain full time employment due to the convenience of online schooling.Skinner’s over all concern for providing an environment to influence behavior combined with technology creates a setting that is unique to each student and he or she can learn at a pace appropriate for the individual.ReferencesPierce, W. D. , & Cheney, C. D. (2003). Behavior Analysis and Learning. Mawwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Skinner, B. F. (1958). Teaching Machines: From the experimental study of learning come devices which arrange optimal conditions for self-instruction. Science, 128, 969 – 977.Skinner, B. F. (2004). PSYCHOLOGY IN THE YEAR 2000 Harvard University. JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR, 81, 207 – 213.Programmed Instruction. (2004). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed. ). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=101265989.Leonard, D. C. (2002). Learning Theories, A to Z. Westport, CT: Oryx Press. Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=101313032Lysaught, J. P. , & Williams, C. A. (1963). A Guide to Programmed Instruction. New York: Wiley. Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=14538707.Pierce, W. D. , & Cheney, C. D. (2004). Behavior Analysis and Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104826262.Skinner, B. F. (2003). Chapter 14 Radical Behaviorism. In An Introduction to Theories of Personality (pp. 311-339).Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104786837.Staats, A. W. (1996). Behavior and Personality: Psychological Behaviori sm. New York: Springer. Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=101935859.Todd, J. T. & Morris, E. K. (Eds. ). (1995). Modern Perspectives on B. F. Skinner and Contemporary Behaviorism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved December 30, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=24397049.

Brand Loyalty

Brand Loyalty One of the most desirable traits that marketers would like to see in the consumers they are positioning their product towards is loyalty to their brand. Brand loyalty can be defined as â€Å"the extent of the faithfulness of consumers to a particular brand, expressed through their repeat purchases, irrespective of the marketing pressure generated by the competing brands. (Business Dictionary, 2012) An expression of brand loyalty from consumers can help companies to experience significant growth not only through repeat purchases, but also word-of-mouth: brand-loyal consumers who talk among their peers about their purchasing behaviour may talk positively about the brand they like, which allows these consumers to try these recommended brands – which they might not have tried otherwise – thus expanding a business’ market and increasing its profits.Since brand loyalty can play a significant role in a business’ performance, it is important that ma rketers understand the different factors that lead to consumers showing brand loyalty. One of the main contributing factors to brand loyalty is satisfaction. According to Ha, Janda and Park’s (2009), satisfaction can be achieved through a â€Å"rich employee-related customer orientation†. In addition, the perceived quality of the product on offer was found to have a positive effect on South Korean consumers’ satisfaction and brand loyalty.The need for a high level of customer orientation is further discussed and confirmed by Lee, Knight and Kim (2008), who commented that a consumer-oriented approach was crucial in market strategies to appeal to Korean consumers. In addition, the authors gave the example of Wal-Mart’s entry into the Korean market to demonstrate the need for foreign companies to adapt their strategies in order to successfully appeal and cater to Korean consumers. Yoon and Kim (2000) provide two more contributing factors to building brand lo yalty among consumers.Going on the fact that repurchasing is a part of the definition of brand loyalty, the authors suggest that a firm needs to either improve the overall impression that its firm or brand gives its consumers; otherwise, the firm must provide an incentive for repurchasing (e. g. coupons or special offers and discounts) – both of these factors, when implemented together, will provide the best chances of increasing consumers’ loyalty towards the firm or brand.The authors go on to discuss one of the important findings of their research which shows why consumers choose not to be loyal to a brand and thus switch to another. They argue that firms need to minimise or remove the factors they found that lead to what is described as â€Å"negative expectation disconfirmation†, which are listed here: avoid raising consumers’ expectations beyond the level at which the firm can consistently deliver; focus on what the customer wants and expects rather than the firm’s production constraints; respect price sensitivity, as some people feel their loyalty is exploited as prices increase.If a firm were to implement these changes in order to seek an attitude of customer orientation and improve their corporate image, how would they go about it? One of the ways this is being done nowadays more than ever is through the use of social media. Kabani (2012), CEO of The Marketing Zen Group, posted an article with the following tips for making loyal customers through the creation of social media content: interact; be helpful; make your fans the stars; offer perks; be transparent.Taking the example of the whiskey brand, Johnnie Walker, it can be seen how these tips work for an established brand to retain customers and make them loyal to the brand. Johnnie Walker, a brand which boasts international success based on a long history of creating quality whiskey blends (John Walker & Sons, 2012), has set up Johnnie Walker Facebook pages for all the major markets it caters to. Looking at the Johnnie Walker Singapore Facebook page, it can be seen that all the tips recommended by Kabani are implemented in some way.The page administrators create posts every one or two days for people who have â€Å"liked† the page to look at, share with friends and comment on. These posts are not just about Johnnie Walker whiskey products, but also sporting events (Johnnie Walker is a sponsor of the McLaren-Mercedes team in the Formula 1) and interesting facts relating to distinguished people or events. Helpful posts, such as exclusive recipes for preparing seasonal cocktails with Johnnie Walker products, are shared on this page.Johnnie Walker makes its fans the stars through competitions to win a place at the Circuit Lounge, which is the party held during the Singapore Formula 1 Grand Prix, where Johnnie Walker selects people from its list of people who have â€Å"liked† the page, to receive guest passes for the exclusive party. The names of the winners are then posted on the page. At other times, content shared by fans will be shared and re-posted by the page administrators. Besides the exclusive party invitations, Johnnie Walker posts sneak previews of new limited edition product releases or information on upcoming events related to the brand.Finally, whenever fans have questions about products or events and are awaiting responses, the page administrators promptly reply to inform them of the situation (e. g. why a letter has yet to be received). This method of interacting with consumers can be deemed successful for building brand loyalty as so many fans have posted comments about how much they love the brand and enjoy it for the special occasions in their lives (Johnnie Walker Singapore, 2012). Recommendations for Marketing ManagersIn relation to brand loyalty, a firm wishing to enter the South Korean market must keep in mind the necessity of creating a brand image that is consistent with how they wish t o be perceived, the level of service the firm can deliver consistently, and being truly customer-oriented. When South Korean consumers are satisfied with a product provided through customer-oriented service, then these consumers are more likely to show loyalty towards a brand, leading to repeat purchases, which benefits firms through increased market share and profits.Establishing brand loyalty among consumers is feasible through the creation of interesting, informative, helpful and customer-oriented social media content. A successful portrayal of the brand’s values through frequent interaction with consumers is essential to getting consumers not only to learn more about the brand, but sharing this knowledge with their peers, which leads to increased and repeated purchases. This also contributes to an increase in a firm’s market share and profits.The important thing to recognise is that building brand loyalty gives firms a competitive advantage: brand image is somethin g that is unique to each firm, and as such, it can prove to make the difference when a consumer needs to make a purchasing decision between two brands of a similar product. When the brand image of the firm entering the South Korean market shows a strong sense of customer-orientation and consistent delivery of expectations, its chances of succeeding in the market will be higher than those firms who fail to recognise how important customer-orientation is to South Korean consumers.Bibliography Business Dictionary, 2012. What is brand loyalty? Business Dictionary, published 2012, < http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/brand-loyalty. html> Ha, H. Y. , Janda, S. , Park, S. K. , 2009. Role of satisfaction in an integrative model of brand loyalty: Evidence from China and South Korea, International Marketing Review, Vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 198-220 John Walker & Sons, 2012. Our Labels. Johnnie Walker, published 2012, Johnnie Walker Singapore, 2012. Johnnie Walker Singapore, Facebook, up dated 11 October 2012,Kabani, S. , 2012. How to build brand loyalty through social media, The Business Journals, published 24 August 2012, Lee, M. Y. , Knight, D. , Kim, Y. K. , 2008. Brand analysis of a US global brand in comparison with domestic brands in Mexico, Korea, and Japan, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 163-174 Yoon, S. J. , Kim, J. H. , 2000. An empirical validation of a loyalty model based on expectation disconfirmation, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 120-136 Brand Loyalty Brand Loyalty One of the most desirable traits that marketers would like to see in the consumers they are positioning their product towards is loyalty to their brand. Brand loyalty can be defined as â€Å"the extent of the faithfulness of consumers to a particular brand, expressed through their repeat purchases, irrespective of the marketing pressure generated by the competing brands. (Business Dictionary, 2012) An expression of brand loyalty from consumers can help companies to experience significant growth not only through repeat purchases, but also word-of-mouth: brand-loyal consumers who talk among their peers about their purchasing behaviour may talk positively about the brand they like, which allows these consumers to try these recommended brands – which they might not have tried otherwise – thus expanding a business’ market and increasing its profits.Since brand loyalty can play a significant role in a business’ performance, it is important that ma rketers understand the different factors that lead to consumers showing brand loyalty. One of the main contributing factors to brand loyalty is satisfaction. According to Ha, Janda and Park’s (2009), satisfaction can be achieved through a â€Å"rich employee-related customer orientation†. In addition, the perceived quality of the product on offer was found to have a positive effect on South Korean consumers’ satisfaction and brand loyalty.The need for a high level of customer orientation is further discussed and confirmed by Lee, Knight and Kim (2008), who commented that a consumer-oriented approach was crucial in market strategies to appeal to Korean consumers. In addition, the authors gave the example of Wal-Mart’s entry into the Korean market to demonstrate the need for foreign companies to adapt their strategies in order to successfully appeal and cater to Korean consumers. Yoon and Kim (2000) provide two more contributing factors to building brand lo yalty among consumers.Going on the fact that repurchasing is a part of the definition of brand loyalty, the authors suggest that a firm needs to either improve the overall impression that its firm or brand gives its consumers; otherwise, the firm must provide an incentive for repurchasing (e. g. coupons or special offers and discounts) – both of these factors, when implemented together, will provide the best chances of increasing consumers’ loyalty towards the firm or brand.The authors go on to discuss one of the important findings of their research which shows why consumers choose not to be loyal to a brand and thus switch to another. They argue that firms need to minimise or remove the factors they found that lead to what is described as â€Å"negative expectation disconfirmation†, which are listed here: avoid raising consumers’ expectations beyond the level at which the firm can consistently deliver; focus on what the customer wants and expects rather than the firm’s production constraints; respect price sensitivity, as some people feel their loyalty is exploited as prices increase.If a firm were to implement these changes in order to seek an attitude of customer orientation and improve their corporate image, how would they go about it? One of the ways this is being done nowadays more than ever is through the use of social media. Kabani (2012), CEO of The Marketing Zen Group, posted an article with the following tips for making loyal customers through the creation of social media content: interact; be helpful; make your fans the stars; offer perks; be transparent.Taking the example of the whiskey brand, Johnnie Walker, it can be seen how these tips work for an established brand to retain customers and make them loyal to the brand. Johnnie Walker, a brand which boasts international success based on a long history of creating quality whiskey blends (John Walker & Sons, 2012), has set up Johnnie Walker Facebook pages for all the major markets it caters to. Looking at the Johnnie Walker Singapore Facebook page, it can be seen that all the tips recommended by Kabani are implemented in some way.The page administrators create posts every one or two days for people who have â€Å"liked† the page to look at, share with friends and comment on. These posts are not just about Johnnie Walker whiskey products, but also sporting events (Johnnie Walker is a sponsor of the McLaren-Mercedes team in the Formula 1) and interesting facts relating to distinguished people or events. Helpful posts, such as exclusive recipes for preparing seasonal cocktails with Johnnie Walker products, are shared on this page.Johnnie Walker makes its fans the stars through competitions to win a place at the Circuit Lounge, which is the party held during the Singapore Formula 1 Grand Prix, where Johnnie Walker selects people from its list of people who have â€Å"liked† the page, to receive guest passes for the exclusive party. The names of the winners are then posted on the page. At other times, content shared by fans will be shared and re-posted by the page administrators. Besides the exclusive party invitations, Johnnie Walker posts sneak previews of new limited edition product releases or information on upcoming events related to the brand.Finally, whenever fans have questions about products or events and are awaiting responses, the page administrators promptly reply to inform them of the situation (e. g. why a letter has yet to be received). This method of interacting with consumers can be deemed successful for building brand loyalty as so many fans have posted comments about how much they love the brand and enjoy it for the special occasions in their lives (Johnnie Walker Singapore, 2012). Recommendations for Marketing ManagersIn relation to brand loyalty, a firm wishing to enter the South Korean market must keep in mind the necessity of creating a brand image that is consistent with how they wish t o be perceived, the level of service the firm can deliver consistently, and being truly customer-oriented. When South Korean consumers are satisfied with a product provided through customer-oriented service, then these consumers are more likely to show loyalty towards a brand, leading to repeat purchases, which benefits firms through increased market share and profits.Establishing brand loyalty among consumers is feasible through the creation of interesting, informative, helpful and customer-oriented social media content. A successful portrayal of the brand’s values through frequent interaction with consumers is essential to getting consumers not only to learn more about the brand, but sharing this knowledge with their peers, which leads to increased and repeated purchases. This also contributes to an increase in a firm’s market share and profits.The important thing to recognise is that building brand loyalty gives firms a competitive advantage: brand image is somethin g that is unique to each firm, and as such, it can prove to make the difference when a consumer needs to make a purchasing decision between two brands of a similar product. When the brand image of the firm entering the South Korean market shows a strong sense of customer-orientation and consistent delivery of expectations, its chances of succeeding in the market will be higher than those firms who fail to recognise how important customer-orientation is to South Korean consumers.Bibliography Business Dictionary, 2012. What is brand loyalty? Business Dictionary, published 2012, < http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/brand-loyalty. html> Ha, H. Y. , Janda, S. , Park, S. K. , 2009. Role of satisfaction in an integrative model of brand loyalty: Evidence from China and South Korea, International Marketing Review, Vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 198-220 John Walker & Sons, 2012. Our Labels. Johnnie Walker, published 2012, Johnnie Walker Singapore, 2012. Johnnie Walker Singapore, Facebook, up dated 11 October 2012,Kabani, S. , 2012. How to build brand loyalty through social media, The Business Journals, published 24 August 2012, Lee, M. Y. , Knight, D. , Kim, Y. K. , 2008. Brand analysis of a US global brand in comparison with domestic brands in Mexico, Korea, and Japan, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 163-174 Yoon, S. J. , Kim, J. H. , 2000. An empirical validation of a loyalty model based on expectation disconfirmation, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 120-136